全文获取类型
| 收费全文 | 9170篇 |
| 免费 | 1635篇 |
| 国内免费 | 1355篇 |
专业分类
| 测绘学 | 514篇 |
| 大气科学 | 1042篇 |
| 地球物理 | 1661篇 |
| 地质学 | 4089篇 |
| 海洋学 | 1816篇 |
| 天文学 | 41篇 |
| 综合类 | 541篇 |
| 自然地理 | 2456篇 |
出版年
| 2024年 | 20篇 |
| 2023年 | 155篇 |
| 2022年 | 352篇 |
| 2021年 | 394篇 |
| 2020年 | 382篇 |
| 2019年 | 447篇 |
| 2018年 | 359篇 |
| 2017年 | 427篇 |
| 2016年 | 412篇 |
| 2015年 | 381篇 |
| 2014年 | 649篇 |
| 2013年 | 664篇 |
| 2012年 | 572篇 |
| 2011年 | 549篇 |
| 2010年 | 530篇 |
| 2009年 | 578篇 |
| 2008年 | 579篇 |
| 2007年 | 592篇 |
| 2006年 | 632篇 |
| 2005年 | 517篇 |
| 2004年 | 464篇 |
| 2003年 | 376篇 |
| 2002年 | 411篇 |
| 2001年 | 324篇 |
| 2000年 | 248篇 |
| 1999年 | 208篇 |
| 1998年 | 212篇 |
| 1997年 | 142篇 |
| 1996年 | 132篇 |
| 1995年 | 91篇 |
| 1994年 | 81篇 |
| 1993年 | 72篇 |
| 1992年 | 72篇 |
| 1991年 | 29篇 |
| 1990年 | 15篇 |
| 1989年 | 20篇 |
| 1988年 | 10篇 |
| 1987年 | 10篇 |
| 1986年 | 14篇 |
| 1985年 | 10篇 |
| 1984年 | 13篇 |
| 1983年 | 6篇 |
| 1982年 | 4篇 |
| 1980年 | 1篇 |
| 1978年 | 3篇 |
| 1977年 | 1篇 |
排序方式： 共有10000条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
利用毕节2010-2019年观测资料,分析不同天气现象下日最高气温特征,建立高温模型,并对近5 a 24 h高温进行检验,得出如下结论:(1)毕节高温日变化在夏季最稳定,春季波动最大。气温日较差晴天最大,阴天最小,多云时略大于阴间多云。(2)毕节8~10成云出现频率高达65.7%,夏季晴天频率波动大,春、夏季多云频率较高,且按天气现象分类统计月平均高温时,其峰值均出现在7月。(3) 24 h高温预报准确率月、季变化特征明显,夏季准确率最高,较最低的冬季高出21.4%,在区别天气现象的情况下,阴雨天时预报准确率最高,多云时最低,其中12月多云时最低为25%。(4)回归模型分析发现不同季节同种天气现象24 h高温预报影响因子权重差异明显,日照时数和平均本站气压对模型影响程度较高。不同季节晴天影响因子差异最大,拟合效果最好时段在夏季,平均估计误差为1.2℃,估计误差最大在冬季,平均估计误差为1.7℃。 相似文献
92.
This article reviews Fuqing ZHANG’s contributions to mesoscale atmospheric science,from research to mentoring to academic service,over his 20-year career.His fundamental scientific contributions on predictability,data assimilation,and dynamics of high impact weather,especially gravity waves and tropical cyclones,are highlighted.His extremely generous efforts to efficiently transmit to the community new scientific knowledge and ideas through mentoring,interacting,workshop organizing,and reviewing are summarized.Special appreciation is given to his tremendous contributions to the development of mesoscale meteorology in China and the education of Chinese graduate students and young scientists. 相似文献
93.
Bo FU Jingyi LI Thomas GASSER Philippe CIAIS Shilong PIAO Shu TAO Guofeng SHEN Yuqin LAI Luchao HAN Bengang LI 《大气科学进展》2022,39(8):1217-1228
Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement. However, the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’ decision-making process. In this study, we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario (?T = 0.6°C) and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system model. Considering reductions in CO2, CH4, N2O, BC, and SO2, the R5OECD (the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990) and R5ASIA (Asian countries) are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation, accounting for 39.3% and 36.8%, respectively. R5LAM (Latin America and the Caribbean) and R5MAF (the Middle East and Africa) followed behind, with contributions of 11.5% and 8.9%, respectively. The remaining 3.5% is attributed to R5REF (the Reforming Economies). Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions, but not the only one. Other greenhouse gases are also important, especially for R5MAF. The contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant, notably SO2 reduction in R5ASIA. We argue that additional species beyond CO2 need to be considered, including short-lived pollutants, when planning a route to mitigate climate change. It needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts, let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree target. All countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world. 相似文献
94.
Rapid declines in Arctic sea ice coverage over the past four decades have increased the commercial feasibility of trans-Arctic routes. However, the historical changes in navigability of trans-Arctic routes remain unclear, and projections by global circulation models (GCMs) contain large uncertainties since they cannot simulate long-term Arctic sea ice changes. In this study, we determined the changes in trans-Arctic routes from 1979 to 2019 by combining two harmonized high-quality daily sea ice products. We found that the trans-Arctic routes are becoming navigable much faster than projected by the GCMs. The navigation season for open water (OW) vessels along the Northeast Passage (NEP) has lengthened from occasionally navigable in the 1980 s to 92 ± 15 days in the 2010 s. In contrast, previous GCM projections have suggested that navigability would not be achieved until the mid-21st century. The 90-day safety shipping area for OW vessels expanded by 35% during 1979–2018, reaching 8.28 million km2 in 2018, indicating an increasing rate of 0.08 ± 0.01 million km2 per year. The shortest trans-Arctic routes were also shifted further north than the model projections. Regular ships have been able to safely travel north along the islands in the NEP and transit through the M’Clure Strait in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the 2010 s, while previous studies have projected that this would not be feasible until the mid-21st century. We also found that the improved navigability of trans-Arctic routes enables commercial ships to transport approximately 33–66% (at the same load factor) more goods from East Asia to Europe during the Arctic shipping season than by the traditional Suez Canal route. These findings highlight the need for aggressive actions to develop mandatory rules that promote navigation safety and strengthen environmental protection in the Arctic. 相似文献
95.
The relevance of analyzing effects of environmental regulation on innovation cannot be overemphasized. In this paper, we first develop a theoretical model to predict how command-and-control environmental regulation affects innovation, and then we derive its channels. Using the difference-in-difference-in-differences strategy and a comprehensive dataset at city-industry-year level of manufacturing sectors in China, we found that the more stringent environmental regulations that are faced by cities, measured by the reduction targets of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) during the eleventh Five-Year Plan, are negatively associated with innovation. Thus, the evidence contradicts the Porter Hypothesis. On average, a one standard deviation increase in the reduction targets of COD (SO2) is associated with a 0.023 (0.016) standard deviation decrease in the innovation index. We controlled carefully for various potential confounders, and the results were supported by robustness and falsification checks. There exists an evident heterogeneity effect across regions and industries with different pollution intensities. The channel analysis shows that stricter environmental regulation also accounts for a sharp decline in labor demand, firm entry, and inbound foreign direct investment. Our findings are also robust to alternative measures for innovation and environmental regulation. 相似文献
96.
2018年8月19日受台风“温比亚”影响,山东省临沂市遭受龙卷袭击。通过实地灾情调查,给出了该龙卷的影响范围、灾害分布和强度评估等,综合考虑不同标识物和致灾过程,评估本次龙卷强度为EF3级。分析龙卷发生的环境和天气雷达特征,结果表明:龙卷发生在低抬升凝结高度（≤300 m）、强低层垂直风切变（≥18×10-3 s-1）、强相对风暴螺旋度（≥350 m2/s2）和较低对流有效位能（≤400 J/kg）的有利环境条件下;龙卷超级单体嵌于台风右侧螺旋雨带内,龙卷发生在中气旋与风暴后侧下沉气流区相接一侧,与龙卷涡旋特征位置对应;龙卷及地时中气旋向下延伸加强,同时风暴顶及单体质心迅速下降;若探测到低层中等强度中气旋时应发布龙卷预警,则此次过程的龙卷预警时间提前量为15~20 min。 相似文献
97.
为掌握江苏全海域刀鲚资源状况,为后期长江禁捕效果评估提供支撑资料, 2017年5月、8月、11月与2018年2月在江苏海域(31°45′~35°00′N, 119°30′~125°00′E)分别进行了4次渔业资源调查, 并绘制了尾数资源密度与重量资源密度分布图, 利用SPSS 26软件对当年的刀鲚资源状况进行评估, 积累长江禁渔前刀鲚鱼种系统数据。结果表明: (1) 刀鲚除秋季(11月)与冬季(2月)存在部分群体分布于“机轮拖网渔业禁渔区线”(以下简称“禁渔区线”)外侧之外, 其余时间均在江苏近岸海域(江苏境内“禁渔区线”到海岸线之间的水域)栖息洄游, 江苏近岸海域是刀鲚主要栖息索饵水域; (2) 春季(5月)影响江苏海域刀鲚分布的环境因子较多, 主要有水温、盐度、溶氧、深度、透明度等, 这可能与刀鲚正处于产卵旺期, 对环境因子变化敏感有关; 夏季(8月)影响江苏海域刀鲚分布的环境因子是透明度, 此时刀鲚刚结束产卵不久, 返回近海后急需补充能量, 丰富的营养物质成为影响其分布的主要因素, 此时为北半球夏季, 江苏省境内60余条入海河流正值汛期, 入海河水携带大量的营养物质, 成为返海刀鲚优良的索饵场; 秋季水温降低, 刀鲚开始越冬洄游, 水温成为影响刀鲚分布的重要因素; 冬季, 随着刀鲚性腺再次发育成熟, 新一轮的生殖洄游开始, 刀鲚栖息水层上升, 水深成为影响冬季刀鲚分布的关键因素; (3) 与长江禁捕后其他研究者在长江口收集到的刀鲚规格、全长-体重拟合方程综合对比, 发现自“长江十年禁捕”逐步实施后, 刀鲚种群渔获规格逐渐增大, 全长、体重开始逐渐增长, 长江刀鲚种群呈现资源恢复趋势。 相似文献
98.
IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第一工作组报告提出了基于“产生影响的气候因子”（CID）的气候变化评估框架,以一组影响社会或生态系统的气候状态为基础进行气候变化评估。这个CID评估框架有7个类型,33个气候因子,每个因子可以针对被影响对象采用不同的评估指标。CID变化具有时间尺度差异性与不可逆性、突变性与临界点、凸现时间、复合性以及受影响主体依赖性等重要特征。基于CID的气候变化评估框架有助于更客观、中立、全面地评估气候变化给不同部门带来的影响和风险。 相似文献
99.
Gao2008、Crowley2013和Sigl2015火山强迫资料,均基于极地冰芯重建。由于每组重建使用的冰芯数据和分析方法等不同,因此结果存在差异,从而影响气候模式应用。文中详细梳理三组火山强迫资料在原始冰芯数据、信号识别提取和沉积通量计算等方面的差异;介绍重建中涉及的对未知火山事件发生季节、纬度及从极地硫酸盐沉积通量向平流层辐射强迫通量转换等所做的假设;归纳资料中存在的共性问题。在此基础上,总结重建不确定性对模式应用的影响,希望为涉及气候模式的研究工作提供从气候系统外强迫资料解读或审视气候变化模拟与影响评估的视角,更好为气候模拟和预测服务。 相似文献
100.